英语小站,学英语,过四级.

商务合同英语的用词极其考究，具有特定性。要求选词专业化（professional）、正式（formal）、准确（accurate）。具体体现在下列方面：

4、同义词、近义词、相关词的序列

FOR value RECEIVED，the undersigned does hereby sell, transfer, assign and set over to ______ all his right, tile and interest in and to a certain contract dated ______, 19____ by and between the undersigned and ______，a copy of which is annexed hereto. 

在这里的同义词和近义词并列（如sell，transfer，assign and set over，right和 tile and interest），在英文合同里十分普遍。这是出于严谨和杜绝漏洞的考虑，有的也属于合同用语的固定模式。如： 

This agreement is made and entered into by and between Party A and Party B. 句中“made and entered into”和“by and between”两组分别属于同义词和相关词并列。 

For and in consideration of mutual covenants and agreements contained herein, the parties hereby covenant and agree as follows… 句中“for and in consideration of ”， “covenants and agreements”两组同义司和近义词并列。 

The parties have agreed to vary the Management on the terms and subject to the conditions contained herein. 这里的“on the terms”和“subject to the conditions”是一个意思都表示“依照本协议的条款规定”。合同条款的固定模式是“terms and conditions”。 

再例如： “Party A wishes to be released and discharged from agreement as from the effective date”，一句中的“release”和“discharge”意思几乎相同。 

并列的词还有：

ships and vessels

support and maintenance

licenses and permits

charges, fees, costs and expenses

any and all

any duties, obligations or liabilities

the partners, their heirs, successors and assigns

control and management of the partnership

applicable laws, regulations, decrees, directives, and rules 

5、拉丁词

在国外合同中，拉丁词仍然是很常见： 

比例税率：用pro rate tax rate要比proportional tax rate多 

从事慈善性服务的律师 ：pro bono lawyer，不怎么用lawyer engaged in charitable legal assistance 

委托代理人：多用agent ad litem 

不可抗力：force majuere.

　　1、投资我们的时间和心智。我们并不傻，有足够的智慧和大脑空间来消化储存那些ABCD。别人能学会，我们也能学会，只要我们善于投资自己的时间。上帝赋于我们每日2小时，上班8小时，睡觉7小时，三餐饭2小时，莫名其妙kill2小时，无论如何应有1小时来学习。越忙的人，越有时间做事；越闲越懒散的人，越找不到时间来做事。


　　2、要有自我约束力，且称之为“心力”吧。春来不是读书天，夏日炎炎正好眠，秋来蚊虫冬又冷，背起书包待明年。总有一些理由不学习。这样下去，我们的英语之树永远长不大。古人云：“人静而后安，安而能后定，定而能后慧，慧而能后悟，悟而能后得。”很有道理。在四川大足佛教石刻艺术中，有一组大型佛雕《牧牛图》，描绘了一个牧童和牛由斗争、对抗到逐渐融合、协调，最后合而为一的故事。佛祖说：“人的心魔难伏，就象牛一样，私心杂念太多太多；修行者就要象牧童，修炼他们，驯服他们，以完美自已的人生。”我们学英语也一样，要能够驯服那些影响我们学习的大牛、小牛，抵制各种诱惑，集中精力，专心学习。　　

3、要有信心。英语不过是表达思想的一种工具、一种说话习惯而已。我们要坚信，只要有投入，有付出，就会有收获。绝不会“付出的爱收不回。”

　　、要有实际行动。一个真正的马拉松运动员绝不会空等奥林匹克金牌从天下掉下来，现在就行动起来。　　

　　5、要有连续性、持续性。学英语是一个漫长的过程，走走停停便难有成就。比如烧开水，在烧到80度时停下来，等水冷了又烧，没烧开又停，如此周而复始，又费精力又费电，很难喝到水。学英语要一鼓作气。天天坚持，在完全忘记之前及时复习、加深印象，如此反复，直至形成永久性记忆。如果等到忘记了再来复习，就象又学新知识一样，那么，我们就永远是初学者，虽然在辛辛苦苦地烧开水，却难品味到其甘润。

大学英语6级水平（6000词汇量）
测试说明：该组词汇从6级高级词汇中精选，遮住下面的对应中文意思，说出每个单词的主要意思即可。测试完请参考答案算出答对的题数n, 再用公式(n/40) *2000+4000算出自己的词汇量。比如，您答对的正确题数为30题（n=30）,则您的词汇量为（30/40）*2000+4000=5500。

1. adjacent 2. yacht 3. tentative 4. simultaneous 5. jeopardize
6. boycott 7. gauge 8. hypothesis 9. miniature 10. symphony
11. aesthetic 12. sacred 13. evaporate 14. intrigue 15. unanimous
16. grin 17. furious 18. homogenous 19. liability 20. stereotype
21. tease 22. na?ve 23. skeptical 24. deteriorate 25. versatile
26. coupon 27. weird 28. vulnerable 29. rigorous 30. instantaneous
31. remnant 32. simulate 33. questionnaire 34. propaganda 35. subordinate
36. trifle 37. uphold 38. orthodox 39. escort 40. prosecute


--------------------------------------无敌分割线--------------------------------------


1.邻近的，毗邻的 2.快艇 3.试验性的，暂时性的 4.同时发生的 5.危及，损害
6.联合抵制 7.精确继良，估计 8.假设，假说 9.小规模的；缩图 10.交响乐
11.美学的，审美的 12.神圣的 13.蒸发 14.激起---的兴趣，密谋 15.全体一致的
16.咧嘴笑 17.狂怒的，激烈的 18.同性质的 19.责任；债务 20.陈规，固定模式21.戏弄，取笑 22.天真的，幼稚的 23.表示怀疑的 24.（使）恶化 25.多才多艺的，多功能的 26.礼券，优惠券 27.怪异的 28.易受伤害的，脆弱的 29.严格的，严密的30.即刻的，瞬间的 31.剩余 32.模拟，模仿 33.调查问卷 34.宣传 35.下级的，部属36.琐事 37.举起，支持 38.正统的，正宗的 39.护送；护卫者 40.检举，起诉

测试说明：该组词汇从4级高级词汇中精选，遮住下面的对应中文意思，说出每个单词的主要意思即可。测试完请参考答案算出答对的题数n, 再用公式(n/40) *2000+2000算出自己的词汇量。比如，您答对的正确题数为30题（n=30）,则您的词汇量为（30/40）*2000+2000=3500。

1. amateur 2. utilize 3. legislation 4. subsequent 5. barrier
6. collapse 7. inflation 8. recruit 9. abandon 10. withstand
11. justify 12. moisture 13. halt 14. seminar 15. tropical
16. episode 17. frustrate 18. humble 19. accelerate 20. nuisance
21. stripe 22. rigid 23. demonstrate 24. realm 25. vibrate
26. saint 27. optical 28. accumulate 29. initiative 30. tremendous
31. grind 32. stale 33. penetrate 34. temporary 35. sophisticated
36. dump 37. fatigue 38. sensitive 39. quotation 40. synthetic

--------------------------------------无敌分割线--------------------------------------


1.业余爱好者 2.利用 3.立法，法规 4.随后的，后来的 5.障碍，栅栏
6.倒坍，崩溃 7.通货膨胀 8.招募（新兵），吸收新成员 9.抛弃 10.经受，承受
11.证明---正当，为---辩护 12.潮湿，湿气 13.停止 14.研讨会 15.热带的
16.（一连串事件中的）一个事件，（连续剧的）一集 17.挫败，使沮丧 18.谦逊的，低下的，粗陋的 19.加速，促进 20.令人讨厌的人或事物 21.条纹 22.严格的，坚硬的23.演示，示范 24.领域，王国 25.振动，摇摆 26.圣人，圣徒 27.光学的，眼睛的28.积聚，堆积 29.主动性，首创精神 30.巨大的 31.磨碎，碾碎 32.不新鲜的，陈腐的33.渗入，透入 34.暂时的，临时的 35.世故的；复杂的 36.倾倒，倾销 37.疲劳38.敏感的 39.引语；报价 40.人造的，合成的

如何安排请人吃饭呢？以下几点务必注意：


一、在你请人吃饭的时候，你应该首先问问人家：”What are you in the mood for？“”您想吃什么？“”mood“这里有心情、心绪的意思，这句话中”be in the mood for“是一个固定的用法，意思是”想吃什么？“当然，如果这种用法用到别的地方，就有了不同的理解。比如，看到了电影院，你会这样问：”Are you in mood for a movie？“意思是”你想看一场电影吗？“自然，”for“后面还可以用”dancing， shopping，smoking“等。但是千万不要说成”Are you in the mood？“这样就会引起人的误会了。

二、最重要的一点你可千万别忘记了，那就是谁请客的问题。一般经过你的倡议自然是你请客了，也就是你应该说”I’ll treat you.”（我请客）。当然，如果你请的外国人提议“separate checks”，那就是中国人所谓的AA制了，也就是分别买单的意思，你吃多少就要付多少钱。如果是“split the bill”，那就有区别了，一般这种宴请不会出现，那是平摊帐单的意思。在中国，一般同学、同事聚会就会用到最后一种。

三、最后一点可是人命关天了，那就是大家一起结伴出行吃饭，事先应决定谁开车的问题。面对美酒会开车的朋友自然要牺牲一位了，不然一旦都喝了酒，回来的时候可就泡了汤，谁也不敢开，谁也不能开了，谁来是违章，大伙的性命最重要。因此，大家在出行前会问“Who’s gonna drive？”（谁来开车呢？）“gonna”是典型的美语，表示即将发生的事，其实就是“going to”，同样，还有“wanna”即“want to”，用法很特殊。这句话也可以说成“Who’s driving？”但这种说法不如第一种流行。

1. Dear sir/madam:

　　I'm delighted you have accepted our invitation to speak at the conference in [city] on [date].

　　As we agreed, you'll be speaking on the topic from [time] to [time]. There will be an additional minutes for questions.

　　Would you please tell me what kind of audio-visual equipment you'll need. If you could let me know your specific requirements by [date], I'll have plenty of time to make sure that the hotel provides you with what you need.

　　Thank you again for agreeing to speak.

　　I look forward to hearing from you.

　　Sincerely yours,

　　[name]

　　[title]

　　二、Dear sir/madam:

　　Thank you for your letter of [date].

　　I'm glad that you are also going to [place] next month. It would be a great pleasure to meet you at the [exhibition/trade fair].

　　Our company is having a reception at [hotel] on the evening of [date] and I would be very pleased if you could attend.

　　I look forward to hearing from you soon.

　　Yours sincerely,

　　[name]

　　[title]

　　三、Dear sir/madam:

　　[organization] would very much like to have someone from your company speak at our conference on [topic].

　　As you may be aware, the mission of our association is to promote [products]. Many of our members are interested in the achievements your company has made in [areas].

　　Enclosed is our preliminary schedule for the conference which will be reviewed in weeks. I'll call you [date] to see who from your company would be willing to speak to us. I can assure you that well make everything convenient to the speaker.

　　Sincerely yours,

　　[name]

　　[title]

　　四、Dear sir/madam:

　　We would like to invite you to an exclusive presentation of our new [product].

　　The presentation will take place at [location], at [time] on [date]. There will also be a reception at [time]. We hope you and your colleagues will be able to attend.

　　[company] is a leading producer of high-quality . As you well know, recent technological advances have made increasingly affordable to the public. Our new models offer superb quality and sophistication with economy, and their new features give them distinct advantages over similar products from other manufacturers.

　　We look forward to seeing you on [date].

　　Just call our office at [phone number] and we will be glad to secure a place for you.

　　Sincerely yours,

　　[name]

　　[title][next]

　　五、Dear sir/madam:

　　On [date], we will host an evening of celebration in honor of the retirement of [name], President of [company].

　　You are cordially invited to attend the celebration at [hotel], [location], on [date] from [time] to [time]. [name] has been the President of [company] since [year]. During this period, [company] expanded its business from [size] to [size]. Now its our opportunity to thank him for his years of exemplary leadership and wish him well for a happy retirement. Please join us to say good-bye to [name].

　　See you on [date].

　　Yours sincerely

　　[name]

　　[title]

. USEFUL EXPRESSIONS 常用语

1. How to start your letter? 如何开头？

You have not responded in any way to our recent letters about your past due account.

We remind you once more of your open account that is now ___ days beyond our ___-day terms.

Your account is still unpaid in spite of our continual reminders asking for payment or an explanation for your delay.

We urgently request that you immediately pay your balance of __, which has been outstanding since ___[date] despite several notices from us.

2. How to warn the recipient against further delay? 如何警告对方不要拖延？

You must realize that we cannot afford to carry this debt on our books any longer.

Any further delay in paying your balance due cannot be accepted.

You can no longer delay payment if you wish to keep your account open.

Our next step is to take legal action to collect the money due us.

This is unpleasant for both of us and is damaging to your credit rating.

3. How to specify your deadline or demand immediate payment? 怎样说明你的截至期限和要求马上付款？

We must now insist that your send you payment within the next five days.

Unless I receive your remittance within the next three days, our attorney will be instructed to start proceedings to recover the debt.

If we do not receive remittance within five days from the above date, we will have no choice but to pursue other collection procedures.

After April 30, we will have no choice but to cancel your credit and turn your account over to a collection agency.

4. How to end your letter? 如何收尾？

We look forward to your prompt payment.

Your immediate response is necessary.

It is up to you if any legal actions will be taken.

Please make every effort to ensure that we are not forced to take this drastic action.

We must hear from you at once to avoid further action.

II. SAMPLE 范文

Dear ___:

I am afraid your failure to settle your account, which is over due for more than six months, will leave us with no alternative but resort to legal proceedings.

This is to notify you that unless we receive your check for $7,550.50 by June 30, we will place your account in the hands of our attorneys for collection.

Yours sincerely,

___[name]

___[title]

III. TIPS 掌握写作要领

1. Choose a firm tone for your letter.

2. Remind the recipient of your previous collection letters.

3. Remind the recipient of all the necessary details:

The amount owed by the recipient

The length of time the bill has been overdue

The additional amount of late charge if there is any

4. Tell the recipient what kind of legal action will be taken if the final collection effort fails.

商务旅行（business trip）在中国一般被称为“出差”。各个公司对出差都会有花费标准、每日定额、预支费用等等一系列的相关规定。这次就带大家一起来攻克这些business terms，出差和学习两不误！


1. Expense account：费用帐户/报销单。出差期间的路费、食宿费等，各种费用的收据要妥善保管，存档和归类，以备以后报销。

2. Company credit：公司信贷。规定信用贷款的最高限额，并延伸至满足公司员工所有公务旅行相关的费用。包括酒店、航空公司、汽车租赁公司、饭店和俱乐部会员资格等。

3. Per diem rates：每日定额。per diem是拉丁文，意思是逐天计算的津贴。公司对员工公务旅行每日花费的定额标准，包括酒店费用和餐饮费用等。

4. Cash advance：预支费用。公司在员工公务旅行前预支一定数额的旅行费用。

5. Itinerary：旅程表。旅程表通常显示雇员到达和离开目的地的时间，酒店停留时间，会谈和预约等详细情况。

6. Receipt：收据。对于开销的正式书面证明。通常是惟一被认可的花销凭据。员工必须要拿它报销。包括通行费用，餐饮费用，出租车费，停车费和酒店消费等。

7. Corporate card：公司信用卡。是一种仅用于员工商务开销时使用的信用卡。在绝大多数情况下用来支付差旅费。但也有一些情况下，办公人员也用其支付既定限额内的办公费用。

8. OCS：On Company Service的缩写，指由公司支付的其他业务活动。员工在公司之外代表公司所从事的所有活动, 不但包括实际费用，还包括其他项目，如保险费用。

9. Frequent flyer miles：航空积分里程。由于经常使用某一航空公司或航空联合集团的服务而获得的积分奖励。它通常是以总的飞行里程来计算的。这些里程可以折成免费机票和礼物。

10. Living out of a suitcase：旅行包生活。长时间在旅途中而不在家中，在旅行包中带上所有的日常必需品，而不能享受家的舒适。

11. Perks：额外津贴。根据在公司中职位高低而享有的不同额外津贴。在公司中职位越高津贴越多。额外津贴包括乡间俱乐部会员费, 公司用车费, 住房补贴, 利润分红, 股票期权和更高的旅行津贴。

12. Reimbursement：公司所返还的差旅费。

国际市场上，大公司大企业的并购可算得上非常重要的事情。下面是一些有关并购事宜的专用词语，一起来看看吧，说不定哪天你就用上了呢。

1. merger and acquisition：合并/收购

常缩写为M&A。来看例句：

That company lives by mergers and acquisitions. They just keep growing and growing.那家公司靠合并和收购为生。他们在不断扩张。

2. takeover：接收，接管

I think that company is ripe for a takeover. They have great market share but they're in poor financial condition.我觉得是时候接管那家公司了。虽然他们仍占有很高的市场份额，但他们的财务状况简直糟透了。

3. leveraged buyout：融资收购/杠杆收购

融资收购是指收购公司利用目标公司资产的经营收入来支付收购价金或作为此种支付的担保。如此一来，收购公司就不一定必须拥有巨额资金，而只需少量现金（用以支付收购过程中必需的律师、会计师等费用），加上以目标公司的资产及营运所得作为融资担保、还款来源所贷得的金额，即可收购任何规模的公司。

That leveraged buyout was some smart thinking on your part. We diversified our product line and expanded our market share without laying out any cash.那宗融资收购非常成功。你的主意真不错。通过这次收购，我们不但使生产线得以多元化，而且没花一分钱就扩大了市场份额。

4. crown jewel：拳头部门

In our lineup of health care products, the Cosmetics division is our crown jewel.在我们生产卫生保健产品的一系列部门中，化妆品部是最具竞争力的拳头部门。

5. Saturday night special：周末特别收购

That announcement sure blindsided them. It was a Saturday night special and we caught them asleep at the wheel.他们看了我们的公告肯定傻了眼。这真是一次典型的"周末特别收购"，我们乘他们熟睡时就控制了全局。

6. Sleeping Beauty：睡美人

I wonder which Prince Charming will court that Sleeping Beauty.我在想到底哪位魅力王子想要娶睡美人（想收购那家前途无量的公司）。

7. shark watcher：预警员

They just hired a shark watcher to avoid sudden death.他们刚聘请了一位预警员以防止并购夭折。

对于刚刚开始接触国际贸易的人来说，不易把握商务信函的语气和句式。这次给大家提供一些索赔和投诉信中经常用到的句子，希望可以给大家一点启发。

1. I am writing for a replacement of the dictionary included. 特函要求替换随信寄去的字典。

2. Would you please correct your shipment by sending the order No. 2530 by the first available vessel? 请把我方2530号订单项下的货物用第一艘可订到仓位的货船运来，以纠正你方发货错误。


3. It would be highly appreciated if you could look into the personal computers, which should have reached our destination two weeks ago. 我方订购的个人电脑应在两周前到货，请查询有关交货情况。

4. We feel it necessary to inform you that your last delivery of our order is not up to the usual standard. 我们有必要通知你们上次交货达不到通常标准。

5. Upon inspection, it was found that the total content had been short-delivered by 1.5 tons. 经检验，这批货短交了1.5吨。

6. On comparing the goods received with the sample supplied, we were sorry to notice the great differences in the designs of the machines. 比较收到的货物和样品，发现机器在设计上有很大的差异，甚感遗憾。

7. After having the boxes examined we found that they were not strong enough for long distance delivery. 经检查，我们发现箱子不够坚固，不宜做长途运货之用。

8. It is regrettable to see that the chemical content of Item 022 is not up to the percentage contracted. 很遗憾，022项货所含的化学成分没达到合同规定的百分比。

9. There is a discrepancy in colors between the received materials and the samples. 收到的材料和样品颜色不同。

10. While placing our order we emphasized that any delay in delivery would definitely add to the cost of the goods. That is why we have to raise a claim on refunds for the loss incurred. 订货时，我们已强调任何交货延迟将无疑增加货物的成本。故此，我们必须索回由此产生的损失费。