2009年1月12日
81. boast of (or about) 吹嘘
82. out of breath 喘不过气来
83. in brief(=in as few words as possible)简言之
84. in bulk 成批地,不散装的
85. take the floor 起立发言
86. on business 出差办事.
87. be busy with sth.于某事。 be busy doing sth. 忙于做某事
88. last but one 倒数第二.
89. but for (=without) 要不是. 表示假设
90. buy sth. for…money 用多少钱买
91. be capable of 能够, 有能力
be capable of being +过去分词:是能够被…的
92. in any case(=for love or money, at any rate, at any price, at any cost, whatever happens; anyhow)无论如何
93. in case (=for fear that) 万一;
94. in case of (=in the event of)如果发生…万一
in the case of 至于…, 就…而言
95. in no case在任何情况下都不(放句首倒装句)
96. be cautious of 谨防
97. center one’s attention on(=focus one’s attention on) 把某人的注意力集中在…上
98. be certain of (=be sure of) 有把握, 一定.
99. for certain of (=for sure )肯定地,有把握地
100. by chance(=accidentally, by accident)偶然
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2009年1月12日
第一,发音非常接近,甚至完全相同,容易导致在被动接受语音信息的时候(也就是听听力材料的时候)发生理解误差。如1)quite 相当quiet 安静地。
第二,有些词汇,不仅互相之间发音相似或相同,拼写也很接近,容易在练习听写的时候把单词写错。如5) dairy 牛奶厂 diary 日记,以及89) statue 塑像 statute 法令 stature 身长 status 地位
第三,对于一些发音特殊的词汇,考生总是记不住其正确发音,比如suite这个单词,很多考生容易把它的发音错误地理解为与suit这个单词相同,因而在听力中发生理解错误。
第四,有些单词,发音,拼写都接近,而且在含义用法上也有一些联系或雷同之处,因此在听力理解时难度极大,如86) extend 延伸(时间或长度) extent 长度
给各位上四六级培训班的同学布置个小作业啦——就算你是在不想背那厚厚一本词汇书,也请你一定要把这篇文章里我总结的这些词汇熟练掌握,这样以来,听力部分的词汇算是过关了,应付四六级考试不会有太大问题了。更重要的是,希望大家能够了解上述训练及总结方法,在自己的学习过程中,根据这样的思路不断积累更多英语学习素材。
1) quite 相当 quiet 安静地
2) affect v 影响, 假装 effect n 结果, 影响
3) adapt 适应 adopt 采用 adept 内行
4) angel 天使 angle 角度
5) dairy 牛奶厂 diary 日记
6) contend 奋斗, 斗争 content 内容, 满足的 context 上下文 contest 竞争, 比赛
7) principal 校长, 主要的 principle 原则
8) implicit 含蓄的 explicit 明白的
9) dessert 甜食 desert 沙漠 v 放弃 dissert 写论文
10) pat 轻拍 tap 轻打 slap 掌击 rap 敲,打
11) decent 正经的 descent n 向下, 血统 descend v 向下
12) sweet 甜的 sweat 汗水
13) later 后来 latter 后者 latest 最近的 lately adv 最近
14) costume 服装 custom 习惯
15) extensive 广泛的 intensive 深刻的
16) aural 耳的 oral 口头的
17) abroad 国外 aboard 上(船,飞机)
18) altar 祭坛 alter 改变
19) assent 同意 ascent 上升 accent 口音
20) champion 冠军 champagne 香槟酒 campaign 战役
21) baron 男爵 barren 不毛之地的 barn 古仓
22) beam 梁, 光束 bean 豆 been have 过去式
23) precede 领先 proceed 进行,继续
24) pray 祈祷 prey 猎物
25) chicken 鸡 kitchen 厨房
26) monkey 猴子 donkey 驴
27) chore 家务活 chord 和弦 cord 细绳
28) cite 引用 site 场所 sight 视觉
29) clash (金属)幢击声 crash 碰幢,坠落 crush 压坏
30) compliment 赞美 complement 附加物
31) confirm 确认 conform 使顺从
32) contact 接触 contract 合同 contrast 对照
33) council 议会 counsel 忠告 consul 领事
34) crow 乌鸦 crown 王冠 clown 小丑 cow 牛
35) dose 一剂药 doze 打盹
36) drawn draw 过去分词 drown 溺水
37) emigrant 移民到国外 immigrant 从某国来的移民
38) excess n 超过 exceed v超过 excel 擅长
39) hotel 青年旅社 hostel 旅店
40) latitude 纬度 altitude 高度 gratitude 感激
41) immoral 不道德 的 immortal 不朽的
42) lone 孤独的 alone 单独的 lonely 寂寞的
43) mortal 不死的 metal 金属 mental 神经的 medal勋章 model 模特meddle 玩弄
44) scare 惊吓 scarce 缺乏的
45) drought 天旱 draught 通风, 拖拉 draughts (英)国际跳棋
47) assure 保证 ensure 使确定 insure 保险
48) except 除外 expect 期望 accept 接受 excerpt 选录 exempt 免除
49) floor 地板 flour 面粉
50) incident 事件 accident 意外
51) inspiration 灵感 aspiration 渴望
52) march 三月, 前进 match 比赛
53) patent 专利 potent 有力的 potential 潜在的
54) police 警察 policy 政策 politics 政治
55) protest 抗议 protect 保护
56) require 需要 inquire 询问 enquire 询问 acquire 获得
67) revenge 报仇 avenge 为...报仇
68) story 故事 storey 楼层 store 商店
69) strike 打 stick 坚持 strict 严格的
70) expand 扩张 expend 花费 extend 延长
71) commerce 商业 commence 开始
72) through 通过 thorough 彻底的 (al)though 尽管 thought think 过去分词
73) purpose 目的 suppose 假设 propose 建议
74) expect 期望 respect 尊敬 aspect 方面 inspect 视察 suspect 怀疑
75) glide 滑翔 slide 使滑行 slip 跌落
76) steal 偷 steel 钢
77) strive 努力 stride 大步走
78) allusion 暗示 illusion 幻觉 delusion 错觉 elusion 逃避
79) prospect 前景 perspective 透视法
80) stationery 文具 stationary 固定的
81) loose 松的 lose 丢失 loss n 损失 lost lose过去式
82) amend 改正, 修正 emend 校正
83) amoral unmoral immoral 同义 不道德的
84) capitol 大厦 capital 首都
85) casual 随便的 causal 表原因的
86) extend 延伸 extent 长度 extant 现存的
87) inability 没能力 disability 残疾
88) personnel 人事 personal 个人的
89) statue 塑像 statute 法令 stature 身长 status 地位
90) widow 寡妇 window 窗户
91) socks 短袜 stockings 长筒袜
92) tax 税 taxi 出租
93) definite 不定的 infinite 无限的
94) grim 严酷的 grime 污点
95) crayon 蜡笔 canyon 山谷
96) recent 最近 resent 生气
97) phrase 短语 phase 阶段
98) mission 使命 emission 散发, 发射 mansion 大厦
99) vision 视觉 version 译本
100) gasp 上气不接下气 grasp 抓住
101) delicate 微妙的 dedicate 献身
101) idle 空闲的 idol 偶像
102) induce 促使,劝诱 deduce 推测 reduce 减少 seduce 诱使
103) lapse 流逝 elapse 消逝 eclipse 日食
104) rude 粗鲁的 crude 天然的
105) source 水源 sauce 酱油 saucer 茶托 resource 资源 recourse 求援
106) sled (儿童)雪橇 sledge 雪橇
107) stripe 条纹 strip 条 trip 旅行
108) vocation 职业 vacation 假期 evocation 召集 revocation 撤回
109) ardor 热情 adore 崇拜 adorn 装饰
110) area 区域 era 时代
111) resemble 象... assemble v 集合,装配 assembly n 集合, 装配
112) assume 假定 resume 恢复
113) attain 达到 obtain 获得 abstain 放弃
114) award 授予 reward 奖赏
115) baggage (American English) luggage 行李
116) badge 徽章 bandage 绷带
117) blade 刀刃 bald 秃的 bold 大胆
118) bloom 开花 blossom 开花(结果实) bosom 胸口
119)blush 脸红 flush 发红(脸)
120) bride 新娘 bribe 贿赂
121) growl 咆哮 howl 狼叫
122) depress 使沮丧 suppress 镇压 oppress 压迫
123) dime 一角 dim 暗淡的
124) dizzy 眼花缭乱 dazzle 使眼花
125) brown 褐色 brow 眼眉 blow 打击
126) bullet 子弹 bulletin 公告
127) carton 纸板盒 cartoon 动画
128) chivalry 骑士精神 cavalry 骑兵队
129) collar 领子 cellar 地窖 color 颜色
130) vanish 消失 evanish 使消失
131) intrude 入侵 extrude 逐出 detrude 推下
132) contort 扭弯 distort 弄弯 retort 反驳
133) eminent 杰出的 imminent 逼近的
134) decline 下降 recline 放置 incline 倾斜
135) exclaim 呼喊 proclaim 宣布 acclaim 欢呼 declaim 朗诵
136) edict 法令 indict 控告
137) perfuse 泼洒 profuse 浪费的
138) reject 拒绝 eject 逐出 inject 注射 deject 使沮丧
139) literacy 识字 literary 文学的 literature 文学 literal 文字的
140) median 中央的,中线的 medium 媒体
141) expel 驱逐 repel 反击 impel 推动 dispel 驱散
142) rip 撕 ripe 熟的
143) wench 绞车 wrench 扭伤
144) confidant 知己 confident 有信心的
145) dine 吃饭 diner 吃饭人 dinning n 吃饭 dinner 晚饭
146) dreg 渣滓 drag 拖拉
147) faint 失去知觉 feint 佯攻
148) imprudence 轻率 impudence 无耻
149) specie 硬币 species 种类
150) hanger 钩子 hangar 棚厂 hunger 饥饿
151) suite 一(宾馆套房) suit一套衣服
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2009年1月12日
1.表示原因
1)There are three reasons for this.
2)The reasons for this are as follows.
3)The reason for this is obvious.
4)The reason for this is not far to seek.
5)The reason for this is that...
6)We have good reason to believe that...
例如:
There are three reasons for the changes that have taken place in our life.Firstly,people’s living standard has been greatly improved.Secondly,most people are well paid, and they can afford what they need or like.Last but not least,more and more people prefer to enjoy modern life.
注:如考生写第一个句子没有把握,可将其改写成两个句子。如:Great changes have taken place in our life. There are three reasons for this.这样写可以避免套用中的表达失误。
2.表示好处
1)It has the following advantages.
2)It does us a lot of good.
3)It benefits us quite a lot.
4)It is beneficial to us.
5)It is of great benefit to us.
例如:
Books are like friends.They can help us know the world better,and they can open our minds and widen our horizons.Therefore,reading extensively is of great benefit to us.
3.表示坏处
1)It has more disadvantages than advantages.
2)It does us much harm.
3)It is harmful to us.
例如:
However,everything divides into two.Television can also be harmful to us.It can do harm to our health and make us lazy if we spend too much time watching television.
4.表示重要、必要、困难、方便、可能
1)It is important(necessary,difficult,convenient, possible)for sb.to do sth.
2)We think it necessary to do sth.
3)It plays an important role in our life.
例如:
Computers are now being used everywhere,whether in the government,in schools or in business.Soon, computers will be found in every home,too.We have good reason to say that computers are playing an increasingly important role in our life and we have stepped into the Computer Age.
5.表示措施
1)We should take some effective measures.
2)We should try our best to overcome(conquer)the difficulties.
3)We should do our utmost in doing sth.
4)We should solve the problems that we are confronted(faced)with.
例如:
The housing problem that we are confronted with is becoming more and more serious.Therefore,we must take some effective measures to solve it.
6.表示发生变化
1)Some changes have taken place in the past five years.
2)A great change will certainly be produced in the world’s communications.
3)The computer has brought about many changes in education.
例如:
Some changes have taken place in people’s diet in the past five years.The major reasons for these changes are not far to seek.Nowadays,more and more people are switching from grain to meat for protein,and from fruit and vegetable to milk for vitamins.
7.表示事实、现状
1)We cannot ignore the fact that... f
2)No one can deny the fact that...
3)There is no denying the fact that...
4)This is a phenomenon that many people are interested in.
5)However,that’s not the case.
例如:
We cannot ignore the fact that industrialization brings with it the problems of pollution.To solve these problems, we can start by educating the public about the hazards of pollution.The government on its part should also design stricter laws to promote a cleaner environment.
8.表示比较
1)Compared with A,B...
2)I prefer to read rather than watch TV.
3)There is a striking contrast between them.
例如:
Compared with cars,bicycles have several advantages besides being affordable.Firstly,they do not consume natural resources of petroleum.Secondly,they do not cause the pollution problem.Last but not least,they contribute to people’s health by giving them due physical exercise.
9.表示数量
1)It has increased(decreased)from...to...
2)The population in this city has now increased (decreased)to 800,000.
3)The output of July in this factory increased by 15% compared with that of January.
例如:
With the improvement of the living standard,the proportion of people’s income spent on food has decreased while that spent on education has increased.
再如:
From the graph listed above,it can be seen that student use of computers has increased from an average of less than two hours per week in 1990 to 20 hours in 2000.
10.表示看法
1)People have(take,adopt,assume)different attitudes towards sth.
2)People have different opinions on this problem.
3)People take different views of(on)the question.
4)Some people believe that...Others argue that...
例如:
People have different attitudes towards failure.Some believe that failure leads to success.
Every failure they experience translates into a greater chance of success at their renewed endeavor.However, others are easily discouraged by failures and put themselves into the category of losers.
再如:
Do “lucky numbersreally bring good luck?Different people have different views on it.
注:一个段落有时很适宜以问句开始,考生应掌握这一写作方法
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2009年1月12日
1)主语从句 It is common knowledge that honesty is the best policy. It is well-known that… It is self-evident/ conceivable / obvious / apparent that… It goes without saying that… It is universally acknowledged that… It is / that
2)宾(表)语从句 We cannot understand why he was so cruel to his roommates. The problem is not who will go, but who will stay.
3)定语从句(限定性和非限定性) As is shown/ demonstrated/ illustrated/ depicted/ described…in the cartoon/ picture/ graph/ table…, There are many reasons why I want to study in your university. It is estimated that tens of billions of pounds is spent on cigarettes every year in our country, which is a huge waste.
4)状语从句(时间,原因,地点,条件,让步,转折等) When the man is enjoying the cigarette, the smoke becomes a monster (怪物) which will devour him. Whatever the reason, there are still some problems with student use of computers.
5)分词短语做定语或状语 Prof. Kang came to our university, giving us a lecture on how to acquire English better.
6)倒装句 Only through these measures can we hope to solve the problem. Scattered around the globe are more than 100 small regions of isolated volcanic activity known to geologists as hot spots.
7)被动句 Some measures should be taken to deal with the problem. He is said to have accomplished a lot of great deeds. Many people believe that…(It is believed that…
8)设问句 Do you still remember the boy who cried wolf for several times so no one would trust him?
9)比较 1.The advantages far outweigh the disadvantages. 2.The advantages of A are much greater than those of B. 3.A may be preferable to B, but A suffers from the disadvantages that... 4.It is reasonable to maintain that ...but it would be foolish to claim that... 5.For all the disadvantages, it has its compensating advantages. 6.Like anything else, it has its faults. 7.A and B has several points in common. 8.A bears some resemblances to B. 9.However, the same is not applicable to B. 10. A and B differ in several ways. 11. Evidently, it has both negative and positive effects. 12. People used to think ..., but things are different now. 13. The same is true of B. 14. Wondering as A is ,it has its drawbacks. 15. It is true that A ... , but the chief faults (obvious defects )are ...
10)原因 1.A number of factors are accountable for this situation. A number of factors might contribute to (lead to )(account for ) the phenomenon(problem). 2. The answer to this problem involves many factors. 3. The phenomenon mainly stems from the fact that... 4. The factors that contribute to this situation include... 5. The change in ...largely results from the fact that... 6. We may blame ...,but the real causes are... 7. Part of the explanations for it is that ... 8. One of the most common factors (causes ) is that ... 9. Another contributing factor (cause ) is ... 10. Perhaps the primary factor is that ... 11. But the fundamental cause is that ...
11)结果 1. It may give rise to a host of problems. 2. The immediate result it produces is ... 3. It will exercise a profound influence upon... 4. Its consequence can be so great that...
12)批驳 1)It is true that ..., but one vital point is being left out. 2) There is a grain of truth in these statements, but they ignore a more important fact. 3) Some people say ..., but it does not hold water. 4) Many of us have been under the illusion that... 5) A close examination would reveal how ridiculous the statement is. 6) It makes no sense to argue for ... 7) Too much stress placed on ... may lead to ... 8) Such a statement mainly rests on the assumption that ... 9) Contrary to what is widely accepted, I maintain that ...
13)举例 1) A good case in point is ... 2) As an illustration, we may take ... 3) Such examples might be given easily. 4) ...is often cited as an example.
14)证明 1) No one can deny the fact that ... 2) The idea is hardly supported by facts. 3) Unfortunately, none of the available data shows ... 4) Recent studies indicate that ... 5) There is sufficient evidence to show that ... 6) According to statistics proved by ..., it can be seen that ...
15)开篇 1) Many nations have been faced with the problem of ... 2) Recently the problem has been brought into focus. 3) Recently the phenomenon has become a heated topic. 4) Recently the issue has aroused great concern among ... 5) Nowadays there is a growing concern over ... 6) Never in our history has the idea that ... been so popular. 7) Faced with ..., quite a few people argue that ... 8) According to a recent survey, ... 9) With the rapid development of ..., ...
16)结尾 1) From what has been discussed above, we can draw the conclusion that ... 2) It is high time that strict measures were taken to stop ... 3) It is necessary that steps should be taken to ... 4) In conclusion, it is imperative that ... 5) There is no easy method, but ...might be of some help. 6) To solve the above-mentioned problem, we must ... 7) In summary, if we continue to ignore the above-mentioned issue, more problems will crop up. 8) With the efforts of all parts concerned, the problem will be solved thoroughly. 9) We might do more than identify the cause ; it is important to take actions to ... 10) Taking all these into account, we ... 11) Whether it is good or not /positive or negative, one thing is certain/clear...
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2009年1月12日
1. Summary
Summary指的是“概述,大意”的意思,具体指的是我们在听到一篇听力材料后所进行的概括。这并不需要我们听懂材料的每一个细节,但是要能够抓住说话人的思路和框架。这个训练对于托福听力至关重要,因为托福听力,尤其是讲座,并不需要我们听懂每一个细节,更重要的是教授讲课的思路和全文的重要细节。很多同学听完一篇听力材料时,问他听到了什么,他只能说出一个又一个零散的单词,这是远远不够的。
练习summary的方法很简单,就以托福听力的讲座为材料,一边听一边记笔记,录音结束,然后自己根据大脑的记忆和笔记进行全文重点内容的英文复述,然后再反复,直到练到可以将一篇讲座顺畅的复述出来为止。这样练上几十篇,你对把握听力材料整体的能力就会有极大的提高。
2. Dictation
Dictation,也就是听写,它指的是将一篇听力录音中的原文全部听抄下来。为什么要进行听写?因为它是听力提高最有效的方法。为什么听写是听力提高最有效的方法?因为它能将一个人听力中所有细枝末节的问题都暴露出来,然后订正,全部解决掉,这样自然最有效率,也最深刻。
那么对于准备托福考试的考生而言,最好的听写材料是什么?是老托的lecture。为什么老托的lecture是最好的听写材料?因为新托是老托的延续,老托和新托在题材、词汇,和难度上都大致相当。当然,如果基础比较薄弱的同学,可以先花一个月的时间将新概念第二和第三册的美英版先听写完,然后再来听写老托的lecture,这样会更加磨刀不误砍柴功。
3. Intensive listening
Intensive listening,指的是精听。我所说的“精听”,并不只是指全神贯注地听,当然,这是必须的。我所说的“精听”步骤如下:(1)一边听一边看着原文,手上拿着笔,划出自己不认识或似曾相识但反应不过来的词;(2)录音结束,开始查生词,写在原文的旁边,只需要写这个单词在这篇文章的意思就可以;(3)将这篇材料当阅读文章快速精读一遍,彻底看懂;(4)再一边看着原文,一边放录音,并且嘴上跟读,反复几遍,一直听到可以不看原文彻底听懂为止。
精听的材料可以有很多,但我最推荐的是SSS(Scientific American’s Sixty-second Science),因为它非常短,只有一分钟,但信息量很大,更重要的是,它是托福听力出题的重要来源。按照上面的步骤,将SSS的2008年全集(总共250篇)全部精听完,你的听觉反应速度、听觉词汇量,以及知识面都会质的提高。
4. High-quality extensive listening
High-quality extensive listening,指的是高质量的泛听。泛听不用像精听那样每个细节都得突破,只需要把握住整体的语流,听懂说话人的大概意思就可以。而高质量的泛听,指的是必须全神贯注的听。泛听的“泛”并不指态度的懒散,而是针对整体的要求。
泛听最佳的材料有两个:一个是National Geographic(国家地理),另一个是Discovery(探索)。看的时候,一定要有英文字幕。每天看一集,养成习惯,会有极大收获。
5. Challenging materials
Challenging materials,意思是“有挑战性的材料”,指的是备考托福听力,平时听力练习的最高难度一定要超越考试难度,这样在考试的时候才会有居高临下的感觉,稳定地取得好成绩。挑战性的材料有这么几类:第一,美国大学上课的课堂录像或录音,现在很多美国大学已经将自己大学的许多教授的课堂录像放在了互联网上,这是一个极佳的挑战听力难度的材料;第二,巴朗和Kaplan上的试题,一定要做完。另外,如果觉得DELTA上的试题难度低,可以利用变速软件加2倍速来做,这样就会超越考试难度。
6. Subconscious listening practice
Subconscious listening practice,意思是“下意识的听力练习”,它指的是我们要自己为自己创造一个英文的环境,比如早晨一起床,我们就打开音箱播放英语,可以是托福的听力材料,也可以是英文广播,也可以是一部英文电影,whatever,只要是英文的就行,这样做的好处是我们随时都可以听到英语,这样会在潜移默化中加强我们对英语的敏感。
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2009年1月12日
不定式,真不定
先请蓦然回首:老邪讲过非谓三剑客的取名艺术,现在分词表主动、过去分词表被动,名实不符;唯一名副其实的、童叟无欺的,就是今天要讲的二剑“不定式”。
不定式,那是真表“不定”。
真搞清了这个“不定”,原来很多模糊的概念,兴许会尘埃落定。
先看两个中学常研究的句子:I forget making the mistake.Don’t forget to set it right.
前一句是“犯了错误,我却忘了”,第二句是“别忘了要纠正之”。“犯了”错误,既成事实,覆水难收,即为“定”。“别忘”纠正,还没有纠正。能否纠正?还在未知之数,此为“不定”。所以不定式,表示没有发生的动作。明天太阳还会否升起,从理论上来说——不一定。总体如此。具体表现,待老邪一一道来。从前已述,非谓语动词也是表里如一,除了谓语什么都能做,不定式作为三剑客之一,纵横句子之中,无所不能——除了谓语。
功能解析
一、 做主语
Learning English is easy.
To learn English is easy.
两句都是说“学英语容易”,并无本质不同。所以不定式做主语时,没有特别的“不定”也就是“未发生”的含义,为规律中的例外。为什么会这样?老邪也还没研究出来。只有麻烦读者先死记硬背了。
接下来,做谓语?武功不行,干不过师兄谓语动词,抢不到这个掌门人宝座。惹不起,总躲得起,江湖何处不在,看我如何驰骋!
二、 做宾语
文章开头的例句,就是宾语的情形。回想一下,中学教师常咬牙切齿要我们背下诸如此类的规则:enjoy doing, want to do.若理解二剑“不定式”表里如一的侠客风范,就没有记忆的问题了。want想要做?做了没?还没有!不定式。enjoy喜欢做?做了没?可能做过(比如你喜欢逃学,当然有可能逃过)。现在分词。forget忘记做?做了没?两可:忘记做了,现在分词;忘记要做,还没做,不定式。所以,二剑不定式做宾语时,表示动作在谓语之后。
三、做表语
My job is to teach.
My job is teaching.
两句意思无本质区别。所以不定式在表语的位置,个性也不显著,不一定表示“未发生”。
四、做宾补
中学老师让我们背诵的另外一个规则是:ask sb to do, find sb doing…
ask后面有一个长长的清单,让人望人生畏。see后面也有一个长长的清单,让人绝望中找不到希望。其实区分的关键,还在于对“二剑”的了解:宾补的动作在谓语之后发生,用不定式。ask叫人做某事,先叫后做,而且叫了不一定做,不定式。find看见某人做某事,能否先看见再做?阳光之下没有这样的事情,从来不能有find sb to do.
我们也就能想通:所有的感官动词,动宾补中的补语,都不能用正常的不定式to do——不可能先感觉到,再发生。
值得注意的是下面的现象:
see sb do
see sb doing
上一个do被称为特殊的不定式(绝不能用正常的to do),后一个表示进行(看见某人正在做某事)。二者都是特殊的安排,规则的例外。
五、定语
I have some homework to do.
我有一些作业要做。
要做,即是还没有做,也不一定会做。
六、状语
To go abroad, you need to save some money.
为了出国,你得存点钱。
不定式做状语时表目的,是比较众所周知的。
目的,当然还没有发生。
“二剑”做状语时,还有一招,非常少用,一旦使用显得诡异。拿来展示一下,仅以巩固对武功本质的认识。
He would be satisfied to be regarded as good teacher.
要是被视为一个好教师,他就会感觉很满足。可看出,此处不定式表示“条件”。条件是一个主观的假设,未发生,不定式足可当之。
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2009年1月12日
最近重温了经典史诗大片《Troy》,除了被它的宏大战争场面征服以外,也被影片中的经典台词所深深打动,在这里和大家分享几段影片中感人至深的对白。
一、阿喀琉斯的霸气——阿喀琉斯和小男孩的对话
Little boy:" I wouldn't want to fight him."
Achilles:" That's why no one will remember your name."
二、阿喀琉斯母亲的睿智——阿喀琉斯和母亲的对话
Achilles:" Mother, tonight, I decide."
Mother:"If you stay in Larisa, you will find peace. You will find a wonderful woman. You will have sons and daughters and they will have children. And they will love you. When you are gone they will remember you. But when your children are dead, and their children after them...Your name will be lost. If you go to Troy, glory will be yours. They will write stories about your victories for thousands of years. They world will remember your name. But if you go to Troy, You will never come home. For your glory works hand in hand with your doom. And I shall never see you again."
三、手足情——特洛伊大王子保护自己的弟弟与海伦丈夫的对话
Helen's husband:" The fight is not over, stand back Prince Hector. I'll kill him at your feet, I don't care."
Hector:" He's my brother."
四、夫妻情——特洛伊大王子与妻子诀别时的对话
Hector:" Remember what I told you."
Wife:" You don't have to go, you don't."
Hector:" You remember what I told you."
五、父子情——特洛伊国王去请求阿喀琉斯把特洛伊大王子的尸体还给他的对话
Priam:"I watched my oldest son die...watched you drag his body behind your chariot. Give him back to me. He deserves the honor of a proper burial. You know that. Give him to me."
Achilles:" He killed my cousin."
Priam:" He thought it was you. How many cousins have you killed? How many sons and fathers and brothers and husbands? How many, brave Achilles? I knew your father. He died before his time. But he was lucky not to live long enough to see his son fall. You have taken everything from me. My eldest son, heir to my throne, defender of my kingdom. I cannot change what happened, it's the will of the Gods. But give me this small mercy. I loved my boy from the moment his opened his eyes, till the moment you closed them. Let me wash his body. Let me say the prayers. Let me place two coins on his eyes for the boatman."
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2009年1月12日
禁忌语与俚语
禁忌语在英语是属于淫秽的语言(obscene language), 也可以说是脏话(dirty words)。往往是不便说出口的话,因而能说是隐语(shadow language),也可以说是“成为禁忌的语言”(tabooed words)。 其中,尤其不便说出口的话有fxxx,因为刚好是四个字母,所以禁忌语也可以说成four-letter word(四字经)。此外,shit(大便)是四字,cock(*) 也是四字,所以four-letter word有“不便开口的话”之意。
所谓禁忌语并不是现代才有,受迷信或传统支配的古代或原始民族更多, 这是在某种环境或状况下,不便说出口的话。这也不限于淫秽的话,也有正相反的情形。
例如在缅甸或朝鲜、大溪地等国家,国王或皇帝的名字是至高无上,不可以随便说出口的,日本到今天还是如此,外国的报纸会不客气地说Emperor Hirohito ( 裕仁天皇)或Prince Akihito(明仁皇太子),但在日本的报纸上却不能写出名字。
并不限于未开发的国家才有禁忌语,例如英国对有关宗教的语言- God( 神 ) 、devil(魔鬼)、Christ(耶稣)等-是除了认真谈话时以外,不可以随便说出口的。
如在开玩笑或轻松的谈话时说: Jesus Christ (耶稣基督)一定会被认为你是不懂礼貌的人。
在骂“你是个畜生!”或“可恶的东西!”时,英国人会使用有关神的话。 For Christ's sake! (为了基督!)
God damned! (神啊,受诅咒吧!) Hell! (可恶的地狱!) Oh, damn it! (诅咒它吧!)
这些话比我们骂“你这畜生!”更为严重,因为这不仅是“骂人”, 也是对神的冒犯。
就广义而言,slang(俚语)也可以列入禁忌语,但有许多话除了高尚集会或正式场 合以外是可以说出口的。
俚语( slang)是最能生动表现出时代时代心声的语言,即便是有高深学问的人,
在使用俚语能使谈话更有效时,往往也会使用。
不过在俚语中,属于cant或jargon 的话只有在特殊的团体-如学生之间或黑社会 之间才能理解,一般是很少使用。
侮辱性地描述一个民族或国民,或阶级的俚语也是禁忌。 例如黑人会带着怨恨称白人是snake(蛇),而白人则轻蔑黑人为nigger而不是称Negro。
这些话在相同的 种族间也是禁忌,更遑论向黑人或白人这样说,无疑是不要命的行为了。
此外, 关于性行为与排泄的 slang 是 tabooed 。 而本书就是试图要对这两种tabooed words做详尽的介绍。
虽然是禁忌语,但因为能表达丰富的意思,又颇有生动的气氛,还是常会使用到,而且这些话“强有力的影响我们的思想”。
美国的著名诗人渥尔特?惠特曼是这样说的: “应该多收集slang,不论是好的还是坏的。而坏的slang往往更美妙。”
字典英语与生活英语之差异
凡是努力学过英语的人都有一个共同的缺点,那就是不会区别文章与口语。 美国人批评我们的英语是: classroom English (教室英语) exaggerated English (夸张的英语) 而我们却不了解他们为什么会这样说。虽然英美人士告诉我们说他们在日常生活 里不使用big words(难字),但很难判断究竟哪些是big words。
一般而言,为表示同样的意思本来有很短的字,但我们喜欢用较长的字, 所以批评说“用太多的big words”或“夸张的英语”。
That's a tough question.
这样的一句话,我们往往会说称
That's a difficult question。
一般认为出自盎格鲁撒克逊族的英语是大众化,而以拉丁语为源流的英语是 big words,至于性行为或排泄用语也是相同的情形。我们对这方面的英语亦是如此,对“艰难学术用语”熟知能详, 而一般英美大众使用的,或在小说中出现的简单形容却不了解。
关于“方便”也有极其繁多的婉转说法。
当时对这种毫无意义的事也列为禁忌字,但是到今天, 对于女性“怀孕”也绝不可以说"pregnant"这个字。而应该绕着弯子说:
She is "expecting". (她在“待产”中。)
She is "in a delicate condition". (她正“怀孕中”。)
She is "well-along". (她“心满意足”。)
She is about to have a "blessed event". (她不久会有“喜事”。)
She is about to be "in a family way".(她不久就要走向“家庭之路”。)
我们也会说“她有喜了”。可见在形容微妙(delicate)的事情时, 不问中外都会采用拐弯抹角的说法。另外,虽然同是“怀孕”,但未婚的女性在不希望的情形 下怀孕时,就说:
She is "in trouble". (她“有了麻烦”。)
当然,in trouble也是
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2009年1月12日
英语和美语在读音上的差异主要反映在元音字母a, o 和辅音字母r 的不同读音上。
1.在ask, can't, dance, fast, half, path 这一类的单词中,英国人将字母a 读作[a:],而美国人则读作[?],所以这些词在美国人口中就成了[?sk][k?nt][d?ns][f?st][h?f]和[p??]。
2.在box, crop, hot, ironic, polish, spot这一类单词中,英国人将字母o读作[)],而美国人则将o读作近似[a:]音的[a]。所以这些词在美国人读起来就成了[baks][krap][hat][ai'ranik][paliJ] 和[spat]。
3.辅音字母r在单词中是否读音是英语与美语的又一明显差异。在英语的r音节中不含卷舌音[r],而美语的r音节中含卷舌音[r],如下列词在英语和美语中读音是不同的:
英语读音 美语读音
car [ka:] [kar]
door [d):] [dor]
river [‘riv2] [‘riv2r]
party [‘pa:ti] [‘parti]
board [b):d] [bord]
dirty [‘d2ti] [‘d2rti]
morning [‘m):ni9] [‘morni9]
英语中只有在far away, for ever, far and wide等连读情况下,字母r才明显的读作卷舌音[r]: [fa:r2‘wei][f2‘rev2][far2ndwaid]。
4.在以-ary或-ory结尾的多音节词中,英国人通常将a或o弱读,而美国人不仅不弱读,还要将a或o所在的音节加上次重音,所以这些词在英语和美语中不仅读音有差异,节奏也显然不同,例如:
英语读音 美语读音
dictionary [‘dikJ2n2ri] [‘dikJ2nori]
laboratory [le‘b):r2tri] [‘l?br2,tori]
necessarily [‘nesis2rili] [,nesi‘serili]
preparatory [pri‘p?r2t2ri] [pri‘p?r2,tori]
secretary [‘sekr2tri] [‘sekr2,tori]
5.在以-ile结尾的另一类单词中,英国人将尾音节中的字母i读作长音[ai];而美国人则弱读作[2],例如:
英语读音 美语读音
docile [‘dousail] [‘das2l]
fertile [‘f2tail] [‘f2rtl]
fragile [‘fr?d3ail] [‘fr?d32l]
hostile [‘hostail] [‘hastl]
missile [‘misail] [‘mis2l]
除此之外,另有一些难于归类的单词在英语和美语中读音也各有不同:
英语读音 美语读音
clerk [kla:k] [kl2rk]
either [‘ai92] [‘i:92r]
figure [‘fig2] [‘figj2r]
issue [‘isju:] [‘iJu:]
leisure [‘le32] [‘li:32r]
neither [‘nai92] [‘ni:92r]
schedule [‘Jedju:l] [‘sked32l]
以上关于英语和美语读音不同的比较,是仅就大多人的读音或标准读音而言的,不考虑地区或方言的影响。
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2009年1月12日
The cow that's first up gets the first of the dew.
早起母牛先得露。
Not all butter that the cow yields.
母牛所产的未必全是黄油。
Many good cows have evil calves.
很多好母牛,会生坏小犊。
You cannot sell the cow and sup the milk.
不能既要卖母牛,又想喝牛奶。
Old oxen have stiff horns.
牛老角硬。
The ox is never woe, till he to the harrowgo.
挂耙去耕地,牛才知辛苦。
An ox is taken by the horns, and the man by the tongue.
牛因角被执,人因舌陷身。
If the ox falls, whet your knife.
牛一倒,快磨刀;人遭难,众人踩。
The black ox has trod on his foot.
祸事临头。
The ox when weariest treads surest.
牛困走得稳。
No one knows the luck of a lousycalf.
邋遢小牛的运气如何,谁也不知道.
He has an ox on his tongue.
心事重得张不开口.
An old ox makes a straight furrow.
老牛犁沟直.(生姜还是老的辣)
You cannot flay the same ox twice.
一头牛不能剥两次皮。
You cannot sell the cow and sup the milk.
你不可能出售乳牛,同时又要喝牛奶。
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